The battery management system (BMS system) controls and regulates, among other things, the heat development of batteries. In both mobile and stationary applications, the BMS system must ensure that the battery is at the optimum operating point and does not overheat. This could result in thermal decomposition of the individual battery components, such as the electrodes, the electrolyte and the separator – right up to thermal runaway. [...More]

Coulometric titration is an electrochemical method of investigation which can be used to determine thermodynamic data of various material systems. With the help of the Nernst equation mainly thermodynamic activities, partial and integral molar Gibbs energies (free enthalpy), enthalpies and entropies can be obtained from the measured voltages. The material to be investigated is introduced into a special cell as a cathode and loaded by various current or voltage profiles based on the desired data. [...More]

Due to their low density, diluted gases should not be regarded as a continuum but as a particle system. In the DSMC method, the real gas behavior is mapped using the dynamics of a given number of simulated particles. The macroscopic quantities such as pressure, temperature, density, flow velocity, Mach number or Reynolds number are determined by a suitable averaging of the individual molecular states. [...More]

Infrared thermography is based on a law introduced by Josef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann which states that any body above absolute zero (-273.15°C) emits electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is related to body temperature. The temperature of the body can be determined by measuring the radiated intensity. Thermographic cameras operate either in the short-wave 3...5 µm or in the long-wave spectral range 8...14 µm.  [...More]

The vapor pressure over a liquid or solid sample is an essential physical property. This can be determined exactly using Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS). Vapor pressures between 1x10^-10 - 1 mbar can be measured in a temperature range between 20 - 3000 °C. The mass spectrometric analysis of the vapor phase also makes it possible to analyse the composition of the gas species. If the temperature dependence of the vapor pressure is known, fundamental thermodynamic data can be determined. These include enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energy, which are of utmost importance for material development according to the "Integrated Computational Materials Engineering" (ICME) method. [...More]

Particle Image Velocimetry" is an imaging measurement method used to determine the velocity field in a flow. A typical measurement setup consists of a pulsed laser with light sheet optics, a camera and a computer, which is used both to synchronize the individual components and to evaluate the measurement results in a computer-intensive manner. Since the light scattered by the flow is absorbed by the camera, it is usually necessary to add particles to the flow. The particles must have as good a flow sequence as possible and must not influence the flow itself so that the measurement results are not distorted. [...More]

X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to determine the elemental composition of a sample material. In addition to the qualitative detection of elements, a quantitative analysis can also be performed by calibration with a suitable reference material. Furthermore, the method is non-destructive for non-biological materials, opening up a wide field of application for this method. For analysis, the sample is irradiated with X-rays from an X-ray tube in modern equipment. [...More]

Flow simulation is the computer-aided investigation of liquid or gas flows. It has established itself as a reliable and powerful analytical method for a variety of industrial and academic problems in the field of fluid mechanics. In contrast to experimental methods, which usually provide measurement data only at certain points or in a small range, a flow simulation provides information about the entire flow field and all problem-describing variables. A further strength is the possibility to work on tasks which cannot be studied experimentally because of their size alone and which can only be investigated by the construction of mostly very expensive models. [...More]

With the available STA device from Netzsch, various thermal and thermodynamic properties of materials can be investigated. Beside the characterization of materials and quality control, the determination of thermodynamic data is a central area of application. The system combines different measuring methods, which enables the processing of a multitude of different problems. [...More]